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30 Dec 2021 / by Willie Chung

Moments in Time with the King of Kowloon

Monochrome photograph showing a wall covered in vertical lines of Chinese text. The characters are written in black ink. The characters for ‘King’ are especially large. The lines on some characters have slightly faded. In the right foreground, a person is passing the wall, appearing blurry to the camera. At the top of the frame, the edge of a rippled canopy is visible.

Tsang Tsou-choi's writing on Kwun Tong Road, photographed in 2000

Hong Kong curator and collector Willie Chung recalls some of his enduring memories of Tsang Tsou-choi, a.k.a the King of Kowloon.

Tsang Tsou-choi, born in Guangdong in 1921, moved to Hong Kong in 1937. After reportedly discovering ancestral documents in 1956, he became convinced that he was the rightful owner of the territory of Kowloon. From then on, he called himself the ‘King of Kowloon’, scrawling his claims to sovereignty over the territory’s postal boxes and lamp posts. Even with limited mobility, he persisted in writing his calligraphy on the streets, leaving traces of his ink across the city.

In the 1990s, Hong Kong curator and collector Willie Chung stumbled upon Tsang out writing on the street; it was only then that he realised the ubiquitous Chinese characters he’d seen across Hong Kong had come from the hands of this man. Chung and Tsang soon struck up a friendship, and until Tsang's death in 2007, Chung regularly visited him, delivered him food, and supplied him with writing tools. Below, Chung recounts some of his enduring memories from that period and explains why he's carrying on the legacy of the King of Kowloon.

Two side-by-side instant photographs. The one on the left shows an elderly man wearing a blue plaid shirt and green vest. He appears concentrated, with eyebrows creased. In the foreground, he is holding a marker with his right hand; because it is too close to the camera, his hand is slightly blurry. On the surface of the photo are the Chinese characters ‘Tsang Choi’ written in blue marker. In the right photograph, the same man is smiling broadly, revealing a few missing front teeth.

Tsang Tsou-choi at the elderly care home in 2004

In 1993, the band Beyond recorded a song titled ‘Destiny is Your Home’ for their album Roll n Roll. The lyrics go:

You were born a man with grit / Chill winds blow head on, but they can't blow out your fire / Never mind the sneers that endlessly attack you / You keep doing you without fear / All alone on the cold streets yet you still speak your truth / No compromising

Early on, fans thought the song was about the members of Beyond themselves. Only later did they realise the hero of the song was in fact a legendary Hongkonger known by generations of locals as the King of Kowloon: Tsang Tsou-choi. His original name was Tsang Choi, but to me, he has always been Uncle Choi.

First Encounter

I first encountered Uncle Choi on a hot summer afternoon in the early 1990s. I didn’t have any particular plans and was meandering aimlessly from Mong Kok to Yau Ma Tei. Mong Kok was bustling as usual, with people walking hastily along. But at the intersection of Nathan Road and Dundas Street, there was a crowd of people huddled together, watching something. I dug my way through the outer circle of the crowd and saw a shirtless old man sitting on an upturned rubbish bin, with a small household towel draped over his neck. He was painting something, stroke by stroke, on the grey traffic control box.

‘POST NO BILL’ was written on both sides of the box, yet there he was, painting away; the scene was most amusing. As my eyes focused on the black strokes covering the grey box, it slowly dawned on me that I had seen these characters in other places around Hong Kong—these were the trademark of Uncle Choi! Before I had seen him in person, I hadn't even thought about who might have written those characters, why someone had written them, or what they meant.

Instant photograph showing a grey electrical box along a metal railing. On its surface are lines of vertically oriented Chinese text in black ink, on top of which is more illegible graffiti scrawled in purple.

Tsang's writing on Kwun Tong Road, 1997

Without noticing, I stood there for a long while. Some people left and other faces joined, taking turns in maintaining our small group. At some point, I realised I had been there some forty minutes, watching him lost in his own calligraphy. When I again noticed time passing, it was because he had finally used up all his ink.

Two side-by-side instant photographs. The photograph on the left shows a close-up of a metal railing extending directly outwards towards the centre of the frame, dividing the photograph into a left and right side. On the left is a street with a sewer cover and two yellow boundary lines; a pedestrian is crossing the road towards the left side of the frame. On the right side is a sidewalk with a lamppost densely covered in Chinese characters. In the photograph on the right is a bus stop. Red and white railings support the rippled canopy of a bus shelter. Behind the bus stop is a wall covered in black, vertically oriented Chinese text. Several of the characters have faded or have been marked over.

Tsang's writing on Kwun Tong Road, 1997

Not far from his feet was another bottle of ink, but he didn’t reach for it. He kept calling out, ‘Ink! Ink!’, yet no one obliged. So, I went up and helped pass him the bottle. He didn’t even glance at me, sustaining an air of gentle dominance as he continued sitting on the bin, painting. I remember hearing murmurs from the crowd, with people commenting that the man must think he is a king, barking for people to serve him. Later, I would find out he had mobility issues, which was why he did not fetch the ink himself.

My deepest impression was the moment he finished his last character—the smile of pure satisfaction beaming from his face. When the circle around Uncle Choi understood the performance was over, not a face in the crowd spared a second more there before they melted back into the crowds of Nathan Road.

Two side-by-side instant photographs. The photograph on the left shows two electrical boxes; the box on the left is grey and supported by metal, while the one on the right is housed in a concrete structure. The right electrical box housing is covered in black Chinese characters. The characters on the bottom of the structure are slightly faded. In the bottom right corner of the structure is a small, black illustration of a house. The photograph on the right shows a close-up of two white doors, each painted in black with the Chinese character ‘Tsang’.

Tsang's writing on Kwun Tong Road, 1997

Not long after that day, I left Hong Kong. When I returned a few years later, I suddenly thought of Uncle Choi one afternoon. I called him to let him know I would visit. From then on, I went to see him at least once a week, almost every week, for sixteen years.

From Writing Brush to Marker

When I first started joining Uncle Choi on the streets, I noticed that he used standard ink. Standard ink is quite difficult to paint onto certain surfaces, so I started preparing two other pigments for him: one was a mix of ink, acrylic and water; the other using turpentine and enamel paint.

Photograph showing five ink bottles against a white background. The bottle in the centre is taller than the others, which are more uniform in size. The two bottles to the right of the frame are labelled ‘SIMBALION’ in Chinese and ‘Writing Ink’ in Chinese and English; an illustrated lion is featured on the label. The label on the bottle in the middle is slightly torn; only the words ‘Oriental Writing’ in English are visible, above which is an illustration of a winged horse. The two bottles on the left are labelled ‘Rooster Brand’ in Chinese and ‘Writing Ink’ in Chinese and English, above which is an illustration of a rooster.

Tsang Tsou-choi's preferred inks. All are made in Hong Kong

Photograph showing five writing brushes lined up in a row against a white background. Their shafts are made of bamboo; their brush tips all show traces of black ink. The brush on the left is the largest, with its brush tip curving to the right. The other four brushes are smaller and of approximately the same thickness.

The brushes used by Tsang earlier in life

Photograph showing eight markers lined up in a row against a white background. They each have different brand names and sizes, and come in shades of blue, red, and black. Two are missing their caps.

Later in life, Tsang used markers of varying colour and thickness

Photograph showing five ink bottles against a white background. The bottle in the centre is taller than the others, which are more uniform in size. The two bottles to the right of the frame are labelled ‘SIMBALION’ in Chinese and ‘Writing Ink’ in Chinese and English; an illustrated lion is featured on the label. The label on the bottle in the middle is slightly torn; only the words ‘Oriental Writing’ in English are visible, above which is an illustration of a winged horse. The two bottles on the left are labelled ‘Rooster Brand’ in Chinese and ‘Writing Ink’ in Chinese and English, above which is an illustration of a rooster.

Tsang Tsou-choi's preferred inks. All are made in Hong Kong

Photograph showing five writing brushes lined up in a row against a white background. Their shafts are made of bamboo; their brush tips all show traces of black ink. The brush on the left is the largest, with its brush tip curving to the right. The other four brushes are smaller and of approximately the same thickness.

The brushes used by Tsang earlier in life

Photograph showing eight markers lined up in a row against a white background. They each have different brand names and sizes, and come in shades of blue, red, and black. Two are missing their caps.

Later in life, Tsang used markers of varying colour and thickness

Photograph showing five ink bottles against a white background. The bottle in the centre is taller than the others, which are more uniform in size. The two bottles to the right of the frame are labelled ‘SIMBALION’ in Chinese and ‘Writing Ink’ in Chinese and English; an illustrated lion is featured on the label. The label on the bottle in the middle is slightly torn; only the words ‘Oriental Writing’ in English are visible, above which is an illustration of a winged horse. The two bottles on the left are labelled ‘Rooster Brand’ in Chinese and ‘Writing Ink’ in Chinese and English, above which is an illustration of a rooster.

Tsang Tsou-choi's preferred inks. All are made in Hong Kong

Photograph showing five writing brushes lined up in a row against a white background. Their shafts are made of bamboo; their brush tips all show traces of black ink. The brush on the left is the largest, with its brush tip curving to the right. The other four brushes are smaller and of approximately the same thickness.

The brushes used by Tsang earlier in life

Photograph showing eight markers lined up in a row against a white background. They each have different brand names and sizes, and come in shades of blue, red, and black. Two are missing their caps.

Later in life, Tsang used markers of varying colour and thickness

Photograph showing five ink bottles against a white background. The bottle in the centre is taller than the others, which are more uniform in size. The two bottles to the right of the frame are labelled ‘SIMBALION’ in Chinese and ‘Writing Ink’ in Chinese and English; an illustrated lion is featured on the label. The label on the bottle in the middle is slightly torn; only the words ‘Oriental Writing’ in English are visible, above which is an illustration of a winged horse. The two bottles on the left are labelled ‘Rooster Brand’ in Chinese and ‘Writing Ink’ in Chinese and English, above which is an illustration of a rooster.

Tsang Tsou-choi's preferred inks. All are made in Hong Kong

Photograph showing five writing brushes lined up in a row against a white background. Their shafts are made of bamboo; their brush tips all show traces of black ink. The brush on the left is the largest, with its brush tip curving to the right. The other four brushes are smaller and of approximately the same thickness.

The brushes used by Tsang earlier in life

Photograph showing eight markers lined up in a row against a white background. They each have different brand names and sizes, and come in shades of blue, red, and black. Two are missing their caps.

Later in life, Tsang used markers of varying colour and thickness

In 2004, the shrine in Uncle Choi’s home caught fire while he was making an offering, so his family, worried about his safety, arranged for him to move into an elderly home. Even as he moved into the care home, his eight bags continued to hang off his crutches, carrying the basic writing tools such as paper, pens, and ink that would allow him to continue his writing.

But after a week, the care home manager suddenly called me, saying Uncle Choi would not go to bed at night and kept making a racket, bothering the other care home residents. I told her, ‘All these years, he has just been writing in the day and keeping quiet at night. I’ve never heard of him getting rowdy like this.’ She responded, ‘We’ve taken away his things and stopped him from writing. The ink smells so strong that it affects the other residents, and he’s dirtying things in the home too. Some residents complained, so we took his writing tools away.’

Vertical columns of Chinese characters written in black and red marker on paper list out words beginning with the phrases ‘Hong Kong, 5th of May 2004’ and ‘Hong Kong Government’. Lists of Tsang family members and locations in China are interspersed with names of government officials and the enlarged Chinese calligraphy character meaning ‘the King’.

This 2004 work on paper by Tsang uses three shades of marker. © Tsang Tsou-choi / King of Kowloon; M+, Hong Kong

I thought to myself, no wonder Uncle Choi is having a fit; they won’t let him write. The next day, I bought a few markers, suggesting the care home staff let Uncle Choi write with markers to see if he calmed down. From that point onwards, Uncle Choi switched to markers in the care home, adding blue and red to his usual black palette. Later, Uncle Choi even started favouring the red marker, perhaps because his eyesight was declining. Around 2006 or 2007, the red marker had become a daily necessity.

As his physical condition worsened significantly in 2007, his hands became severely shaky. To help him overcome this, I brought him markers with thicker pen tips. But Uncle Choi didn’t have those thick markers in his final days at United Christian Hospital; the characters in his last few works were weaker and shakier.

The Final Chapter

Thinking back to the final six months of his life, I can’t explain why I started to visit him so often. Curiously, he started making me take something of his away after every visit. In the final three months, he became quite anxious, insisting that I take something of his with me, saying, ‘It’s for the exhibitions you’ll help me organise in the future.’ Just like that, I received most of his later works.

In June 2007, Uncle Choi was admitted to United Christian Hospital with pulmonary edema, and I went on visiting him regularly. At the time, there was a mall holding a terracotta warrior exhibition, which had commissioned fifty artists to recreate mini versions of the warriors for display and a charity sale.

Instant photograph showing two miniature terracotta warriors from behind. The one on the left is the colour of bronze; the one on the right is bright yellow with the words ‘Tsang Tsou-choi’ written in Chinese on its surface.

So, in early July, I brought Uncle Choi a coloured warrior together with its container, so he could calligraph something on the surface. I’d never thought that would become our final collaboration, and our final meeting.

Uncle Choi looked well that day, with his signature smile beaming from his face. When he finished writing on the warrior, I noticed that he hadn’t written his usual character for ‘King’ on it. I asked him, ‘Why didn’t you write “King”?’ He joyfully replied, ‘I’m not going to be king anymore!’ I was taken aback: ‘You’re not king anymore?’ He laughed, saying, ‘Nah, it’s your turn!’ In that moment, I felt happy for him, because he’d finally laid down that burden.

Two side-by-side instant photographs. Both show black Chinese characters written against a yellow background.

Tsang's writing on the box for the miniature terracotta warrior

The King Is Dead

At the end of July 2007, I received a call from a reporter asking if Uncle Choi had died. I was shocked to hear the question; I had been so busy preparing to publish a book about Uncle Choi for the book fair, I had not visited him in a few weeks. Right away, I called his son to ask. He didn't give any direct confirmation, but I understood what he meant, so I relayed this information back to the reporter. In the following few days, almost all the local papers, whether English or Chinese, ran news headlines about Uncle Choi’s passing.

Monochrome photograph showing a city sidewalk. In the centre of the frame is an electrical box covered in black vertically oriented Chinese characters. In the background are some shops and pedestrians. The bottom of a lamppost is visible in the left side of the frame.

In 2009, Chung adhered a photograph to a public fixture in the former Mong Kok pedestrian area, the first time he publically recreated Tsang's work

6 August 2007 was the day of Uncle Choi’s funeral. That morning, a dozen or so reporters were waiting at the Universal Funeral Home in Hung Hom, along with a few of Uncle Choi’s friends, in hopes of catching a final glimpse of him and to offer his family condolences. We waited till the afternoon, yet no family showed up. I called his son, only to find out they had picked up his body from the hospital in the morning and directly went up the hill to the crematorium. Everyone was shocked—they had employed the old ‘empty fort strategy’ to keep it low key!

Monochrome photograph showing a wall covered in peeling white paint. The peeling areas reveal black ink marks on the wall behind. Leaves hang from the top of the frame.

A segment of Tsang's writing painted over in Mong Kok, 2009

I had never imagined that the death of Uncle Choi would reverberate so loudly in the media. Though just a week on, the news cooled down; Hong Kong people returned to their rapid pace of life, and he was replaced with some other trendy topic in everyone’s conversations.

Carrying on a Legacy

In the decade or so after Uncle Choi’s passing, I had been wanting to do something for him, to make sure the younger generation also learned about his legendary character. I published a few books, held a few exhibitions, organised some public art workshops at schools, built him a Facebook page, and created some artworks.

In my personal visual diary, there are some scribbles from Uncle Choi. Since the late 1990s, I have been keeping this diary, which I take everywhere with me. This simple habit ended up giving me the gift of a few precious characters and allowed me to extend his creative journey. That, to me, is a truly special gift.

Photograph showing an open notebook against a white background. Papers of many different shapes and sizes have been pasted onto the notebook’s white pages. On the left page is a lunar new year’s greeting card showing a pattern of two dragons and clouds against a red background. On the right page is a red rectangular sticker stamped in white with The Community Chest of Hong Kong’s pagoda emblem. On the edge of the right page, there is also a piece of tape labelled with the words ‘Hong Kong’ in English. Hand-written black Chinese characters cover the remainder of the two pages.

A page from Chung's 2003 visual diary

I have put Uncle Choi’s works on display in different places across Hong Kong, through different means and on different scales. The audiences have had a range of reactions: most show up with a sense of curiosity, though some still hold the negative views common among the previous generation. For me, however, the point of these exhibitions has been to reach more people, so I can take the opportunity to share the meaning behind the works.

Over the years, reception of Uncle Choi’s works have gone from labels of vandalism and scorn to collectibles in the art world, reflecting a change in society’s acceptance of diversity. Yet, no matter what comments he received during his lifetime, Uncle Choi simply laughed it off, because, to him, his calligraphy was an act of expression, pure and simple. This is why I hope to help more people get to know the real meaning behind his actions, through organising his materials and uncovering his actions and works. In this way—I hope—I am able to preserve and carry forward Uncle Choi’s actions, his works, and his story.

Two side-by-side instant photographs. The photograph on the left shows a person writing with their wrinkled right hand. The person’s left hand is holding steady a white piece of paper, while their right hand holds a black marker and writes Chinese characters. The right photograph shows a white piece of paper covered in black Chinese characters. In the foreground, the characters for 'China', 'Japan', 'army', and 'king' are visible.

Tsang writing in the elderly care home, 2004

Early on, I noticed that what remained of Uncle Choi’s drawings in public would quickly be washed away by the varying government departments, or even painted over with the same grey paint the Highways Department uses on its traffic control boxes. Therefore, since 2000, I have begun experimenting with different means to try and preserve Uncle Choi’s works. I painted translucent protective layers over his works on bridges, retaining walls and traffic control boxes, as though I were a pirate trying to protect treasure. Then, from 2009, I started revealing one public work at a time on special occasions, a project I have titled ‘Manifestation’.

'Tales of Rediscover #2'
'Tales of Rediscover #2'
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Tales of Rediscover #2, a documentary from Chung's 'Manifestation' project. Video: Courtesy Willie Chung and Wallace Jim

All photos courtesy of Willie Chung (unless otherwise indicated).

Willie Chung is a Hong Kong curator and collector. He is founder and chief curator of the non-profit Hong Kong Creates as well as founder of the Bank of Stationery. He is passionate about organising exhibitions and learning activities to promote knowledge of and interest in local culture. He primarily collects and preserves locally made toys, textbooks, comics, and children's literature, including design, photo studio works, and works by the King of Kowloon. His recent publications include: Tales of Textbooks: A Study of Times We Used to Have (2021), Tales of Stationary: History Written on the Desk of Time (2017), Tales (A Study in Photographs—Photo Studio Anthology Vol. 1) (2015), King of Kowloon: The Art of Tsang Tsou-choi (2012), Kowloon King (2011), The Art of Treason II: Post No Bill (2009), and The Art of Treason (2007).

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