M+, Asia’s global museum of contemporary visual culture in the West Kowloon Cultural District (WestK) in Hong Kong, is delighted to present How Modern: Biographies of Architecture in China 1949–1979. A research project organised by the Canadian Centre for Architecture (CCA), Montreal, in collaboration with M+, it encompasses an exhibition which is presented at the CCA’s Main Galleries from 20 November 2025 to 12 April 2026.

How Modern: Biographies of Architecture in China 1949–1979 reframes architectural histories and experiences of modernism in the three decades between the establishment of the People’s Republic of China and the later Reform and Opening Up. Drawing on the perspectives of architects, institutions, and inhabitants of the buildings, it shows how architectural production was carried out during a period of shifting ideologies and socio-economic pressures. The exhibition is curated by Shirley Surya, Curator, Design and Architecture, M+, in collaboration with Li Hua, Professor, Architectural History and Theory at School of Architecture, Southeast University, Nanjing, and members of the curatorial and editorial teams at M+ and CCA.

The development of modern architecture in China between the founding of the People’s Republic of China in 1949 and Reform and Opening Up in 1979 has often been perceived as stunted, even non-existent, a view shaped by persistent misconceptions and narrow assumptions among architectural historians and architects—for example, that nationalisation and collectivisation denied creative agency to architects and architecture, that projects prioritised industrial productivity over design quality, and that the state’s emphasis on a ‘national style’ limited diversity of expression. At once a question and a proposition, How Modern: Biographies of Architecture in China 1949–1979 reframes existing histories of architecture and reconsiders these assumptions by foregrounding the varied conditions under which modernism was conceived, realised, and experienced through this dynamic period.

The project and exhibition comprise three thematic categories: ‘Agency’ presents the shifting and often intersecting degrees of agency exercised by the state, architects, and architecture, especially within systems of collectivised design and mass resource mobilisation. ‘Industry’ looks at how architects adapted to the multifaceted realities of China’s pivot to socialist industrialisation and its emphasis on standardisation, scientific rationalisation, economy, and productivity. And finally, ‘Style’ reconsiders the intention and dominance of the ‘national style’ by presenting the stratified realities that led to diverse formal experiments and expressions locally and abroad.

How Modern: Biographies of Architecture in China 1949–1979 assembles archival documents, propaganda posters, artworks from the M+ Collections along with loans from personal and institutional holdings, and newly commissioned films to represent significant architectural sites, practices, concepts, and figures across these three decades. By highlighting the documentation of architectural production in this period in a variety of media, it sheds light on the social and cultural microhistories specific to modern architecture that are not revealed by purely textual historical sources.

The selected case studies also reflect the plurality and tensions—between agency and control, scarcity and abundance, policy and practice, competition and collaboration, craft and standardisation, and the impact of domestic and foreign relations—that characterised architectural production in this period. Collectively, these case studies frame the project of building socialism not just as a monolithic, top-down phenomenon, but as a process worked out in everyday practices that engaged the senses and creative will of citizens.

Together with M+, CCA commissioned Beijing-based artist Wang Tuo, winner of the Sigg Prize 2023 organised by M+, to put lived histories at the centre of How Modern: Biographies of Architecture in China 1949–1979. Wang’s work is known for interweaving historical facts, cultural archives, fiction, and mythology into speculative narratives. In Intensity in Ten Cities, a series of films and oral histories, Wang looks at ten significant architectural sites built between 1949 and 1979 across China, including a popular park in Hangzhou, a former agricultural commune in Shanxi province, a former iron and steel mill as well as an apartment tower built for collective living in Beijing, amongst others. Bringing together fact and fiction, the personal and the historical, in a narrative about love, architecture, and politics, Wang reveals the tensions and layers that characterised architectural production in China during this era, and how these architectural sites continue to frame collective memories and experiences today.

Suhanya Raffel, Museum Director, M+, says, ‘How Modern: Biographies of Architecture in China 1949–1979 exemplifies M+’s commitment to advancing critical research and expanding the narratives of visual culture in Asia and beyond. As a museum that aims to foster deeper understanding of the region’s nuanced cultural histories, we see this project as a meaningful contribution to architectural discourse, one that foregrounds lived experience, historical complexity, and creative agency. Our collaboration with the Canadian Centre for Architecture reflects the importance of cross-institutional partnerships in generating new knowledge and presenting underexplored perspectives. M+ continues to support scholarship that challenges established frameworks and enriches public engagement with design and architecture.’

Giovanna Borasi, Director and Chief Curator, the Canadian Centre for Architecture, says, ‘How Modern: Biographies of Architecture in China 1949–1979 responds to our curiosity in producing new readings of modern architecture across different sociopolitical contexts and geographical frameworks. Uncovering the relationships between ideology, policy, and the built environment, and documenting the role that architects play both in advancing and challenging them, is at the core of much of CCA’s work. This project was also conceived as a test: an institutional collaboration combining expertise and resources in Hong Kong and Montréal. I’m convinced that this project would not have been possible if we had worked alone. We thank M+ for the gratifying and fruitful collaboration. In a world in which open dialogues are becoming more difficult to maintain, and in which organisations are becoming more closed-in, this kind of collaboration exemplifies the possibility of building new narratives together.’

Shirley Surya, Curator, Design and Architecture, M+, and Li Hua, Professor, Architectural History and Theory at School of Architecture, Southeast University, Nanjing say, ‘How Modern: Biographies of Architecture in China 1949–1979 offers an opportunity to reconsider the architectural developments in China between 1949 and 1979 beyond a framework of modernism that prioritises professional autonomy, formal tropes like transparency or a flat roof, and the rejection of traditional forms. The project reevaluates how architects attended to cycles of political, cultural, and social transformation during these three decades. How was political power used to improve social wellbeing? How did a new culture of inventiveness emerge from employing architectural precedents? And how was the spirit of the times embodied in the use of industrial technology? By identifying how principles of the Modern Movement were accepted, rejected, or adapted in New China, the exhibition accounts for modernism’s diverse manifestations across varying historical and geopolitical contexts. This inquiry is timely, as it invites reflection on how architecture continues to apply values of purpose and economy through a strong political will, even under limiting conditions.’

The exhibition is designed by Johnston Marklee (Los Angeles) with graphic design by Alan Woo (Berlin). It includes a series of commissioned films and oral history videos by artist Wang Tuo (Beijing), online editorial content, public programming, and a companion book co-published by the CCA and M BOOKS (Weimar), edited by Surya and Li, and designed by Sonja Zagermann (Zurich). For more details about the exhibition, please refer to CCA’s website.

About M+

M+ is Asia’s global museum of contemporary visual culture. Located in Hong Kong’s West Kowloon Cultural District (WestK), it is dedicated to collecting, exhibiting, and interpreting visual art, design and architecture, moving image, and Hong Kong visual culture of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. The landmark M+ building on Hong Kong’s Victoria Harbourfront was designed by the world-renowned architectural firm Herzog & de Meuron in partnership with TFP Farrells and Arup. It spans a total floor area of 65,000 square metres, featuring thirty-three galleries alongside a Learning Hub, Moving Image Centre, Research Centre, and Roof Garden, among other event and programming spaces. The M+ Facade is one of the largest LED screens in the world, showcasing commissioned artworks on the Hong Kong skyline every evening. The museum stewards a multidisciplinary permanent collection that includes objects from regions across Asia and beyond. A highlight is the M+ Sigg Collection, one of the world’s most comprehensive collections of Chinese contemporary art. Today, M+ is a nexus for researching and presenting contemporary visual culture, inspiring thought and curiosity.

About the CCA

The Canadian Centre for Architecture (CCA) is an international research institution and museum premised on the belief that architecture is a public concern. We produce exhibitions and publications, develop and share our collection as a resource, advance research, offer public programs, and host a range of other activities driven by a curiosity about how architecture shapes—and might reshape—contemporary life. We invite collaborators and the wider public to engage with our activities, giving new relevance to architectural thinking in light of current disciplinary and cultural issues.

Founded as a new type of cultural institution by Phyllis Lambert in 1979, the CCA is currently directed by Giovanna Borasi and steered by the CCA Board of Trustees.

About the West Kowloon Cultural District (WestK)

WestK is one of the largest and most ambitious cultural hubs in the world and Hong Kong’s new cultural tourism landmark, spanning forty hectares alongside Victoria Harbour. WestK comprises a mix of landmark arts and cultural facilities, including world-class museums M+ and the Hong Kong Palace Museum, intricately designed performing arts venues the Xiqu Centre and Freespace, the eleven-hectare Art Park with a waterfront promenade, and the upcoming WestK Performing Arts Centre.

Hosting over 1,000 exhibitions, performances, programmes, and events each year, WestK provides a vital platform for both emerging and established artists. WestK welcomes more than ten million visitors each year, evolving as the international cultural brand of Hong Kong and strengthening the city’s strategic role as an East-meets-West centre for international cultural exchange.